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\begin{document}
	

\section*{\textbf{Main Results for Family Support During Hard Times: Dynamics of Intergenerational Exchange after Adverse Events}}
\thispagestyle{empty}
\vspace{5mm}
\textbf{Jessamyn Schaller}, Claremont McKenna College

\textbf{Chase Eck}, Baylor College of Medicine, IQuESt, and MEDVAMC 




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Section: Figures
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\clearpage
\newpage
\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Financial Shocks in the 2010 HRS and Intergenerational Financial Transfers}\label{greatrec}
	
		\begin{tabular}{cc}
			
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Panel A: Wealth Loss} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure1/wneg210_at_pk} &
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure1/wneg210_at_kp}
\\
\multicolumn{2}{c}{Panel B: Job Exit} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure1/any_rlost_job10_at_pk} &
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure1/any_rlost_job10_at_kp}
\\
			\multicolumn{2}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This figure compares average (unadjusted) transfer rates in each HRS wave among households that experienced wealth loss or job exit during wave 10 of the HRS to average transfer rates among households that were present for wave 10 but did not experience a shock. In order to compare trends, each line is normalized to show level changes from wave 8 values.}}\\
				\end{tabular}
\end{figure}



\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Event Studies: Financial Shocks and Intergenerational Financial Transfers}\label{EventStudyA}
	
		\begin{tabular}{cc}
			
			\multicolumn{2}{c}{Panel A: Wealth Loss} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figures234/wneg2_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figures234/wneg2_at_kp} 
			\\
			\multicolumn{2}{c}{Panel B: Job Exit} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_rlost_job_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_rlost_job_at_kp} 
			\\
			\multicolumn{2}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This figure shows event study coefficients and 95 percent confidence intervals from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Each panel presents a different treatment variable, and each figure presents a different outcome. The sample is restricted to households with members aged 50-85. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights.}}\\
	\end{tabular}
\end{figure}




\clearpage
\newpage



\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Event Studies: Fatal Health Shocks and Intergenerational Transfers}\label{EventStudyB}
	
		\begin{tabular}{ccc}
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel A: Male Widowed} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/male_rwidowed_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/male_rwidowed_at_kp} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/male_rwidowed_any_helpr}
			\\
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel B: Female Widowed} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/fem_rwidowed_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/fem_rwidowed_at_kp} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/fem_rwidowed_any_helpr}
			\\
						\multicolumn{3}{p{16.5cm}}{{Notes: This figure shows event study coefficients and 95 percent confidence intervals from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}.  Each panel presents a different treatment variable, and each figure presents a different outcome. The sample is restricted to households with members aged 50-85. Standard errors are clustered by household. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights.}} \\
	\end{tabular}
\end{figure}





\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Event Studies: Non-Fatal Health Shocks and Intergenerational Transfers}\label{EventStudyC}
	
		\begin{tabular}{ccc}
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel A: Hospitalization} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_rhosp_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_rhosp_at_kp}  &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_rhosp_any_helpr} \\
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel B: Disability} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_disab_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_disab_at_kp}  &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_disab_any_helpr} \\
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel C: Poor Health} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_health3to5_at_pk} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_health3to5_at_kp}  &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figures234/any_health3to5_any_helpr} \\
						\multicolumn{3}{p{16.5cm}}{{Notes: This figure shows event study coefficients and 95 percent confidence intervals from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}.  Each panel presents a different treatment variable, and each figure presents a different outcome. The sample is restricted to households with members aged 50-85. Standard errors are clustered by household. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights.}} \\
	\end{tabular}
\end{figure}







\clearpage
\newpage

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Health Shocks and Informal Care---Heterogeneity}\label{heterog_fig2}
	
		\begin{tabular}{ccc}
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel A: By Child Gender} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/bykgender/any_rhosp_khlp_bykgender.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/bykgender/any_disab_khlp_bykgender.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/bykgender/any_health3to5_khlp_bykgender.pdf}	\\
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel B: By Household Wealth} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byhhwealth/any_rhosp_any_helpr_byw.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byhhwealth/any_disab_any_helpr_byw.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byhhwealth/any_health3to5_any_helpr_byw.pdf}	\\
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel C: By Medicare Eligibility at Time of Shock} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byage/any_rhosp_any_helpr_byage.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byage/any_disab_any_helpr_byage.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byage/any_health3to5_any_helpr_byage.pdf}	\\
			\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel D: By Household Structure at Time of Shock} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byhhstructure/any_rhosp_any_helpr_byhhstructure.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byhhstructure/any_disab_any_helpr_byhhstructure.pdf} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/byhhstructure/any_health3to5_any_helpr_byhhstructure.pdf}	\\
		\multicolumn{3}{p{16.5cm}}{{Notes: This figure shows event study coefficients from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Each figure presents a different treatment variable. Standard errors are clustered by household. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights.}} \\
	\end{tabular}
\end{figure}



\clearpage
\newpage

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Health Shocks and Share of Giving to Helper Children}\label{helper_share}
	 
		\begin{tabular}{ccc}
						\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel A: General Health Shocks} \\
Hospitalization & Disability & Poor Health \\
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figure6/any_rhosp_frac_kh_amtpk.pdf}&
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figure6/any_disab_frac_kh_amtpk.pdf}&
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figure6/any_health3to5_frac_kh_amtpk.pdf}\\
						\multicolumn{3}{c}{Panel B: Specific Health Shocks} \\
Cardiac Event & Memory Disease & Cancer \\
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figure6/any_rcardiac_frac_kh_amtpk.pdf}&
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figure6/any_rmemory_frac_kh_amtpk.pdf}&
\includegraphics[width=0.33\textwidth]{../output/figure6/any_rcancr_frac_kh_amtpk.pdf}\\	
\multicolumn{3}{p{16.5cm}}{{Notes: This figure shows event study coefficients and 95 percent confidence intervals from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Each figure presents a different treatment variableThe sample is restricted to households with members aged 50-85. Standard errors are clustered by household. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights. Standard errors are clustered by household. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights.}} \\
	\end{tabular}
\end{figure}






\clearpage
\newpage
\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
	\caption{Comparison of Changes in Informal and Formal Care}\label{chvsmkt}
	
		\begin{tabular}{cc}
			
			\multicolumn{2}{c}{Panel A: General Health Shocks} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure7/helpr_compare} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure7/mkthcr_compare}
			\\
			\multicolumn{2}{c}{Panel B: Specific Health Shocks} \\
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure7/helpr_compare_specific} &
			\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth]{../output/figure7/mkthcr_compare_specific}
			\\
			\multicolumn{2}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This figure shows event study coefficients from estimation of Equation 1, comparing changes in informal child-provided care after health shocks to changes in market-based or formal in-home care. The line for female widowed in the upper right-hand graph shows the effects on market-based care received by the \textit{female} householder only as the change in market care for the deceased spouse is large and negative.}}\\
	\end{tabular}
\end{figure}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Section: Paper Tables
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newpage
\begin{table}[htbp]
	\caption{Intergenerational Transfers in HRS Households}  \label{SumStats2}
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrr} \toprule
			\multicolumn{7}{l}{Panel A: Full Sample and by Age, Wealth, and Employment} \\
			&  & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Oldest Age} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Wealth Percentile} & \\
			\cmidrule(l r){3-4} \cmidrule(l r){5-6}
			& 	Full Sample & 75 to 85 & 50 to 60 & Bottom 20 & Top 20 & Employed \\
			\hline
			\input{../output/table1/sumstats_grp1.tex}
			\midrule
			\multicolumn{7}{l}{Panel B: By Household Structure and Health Status} \\
			& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Household Structure} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Health Status} \\
			\cmidrule(l r){2-4} \cmidrule(l r){5-7}
			&  Female &  Male & Couple & Poor & Excellent & Disabled \\
			\hline
			\input{../output/table1/sumstats_grp2.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{7}{p{16.5cm}}{{Notes: Real transfer amounts are reported in 2017 dollars. The sample is restricted to households with members aged 50--85. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights.} }\\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}


\clearpage
\newpage




%event study

\begin{table}[htbp]
	\caption{Event Study---Parental Household Events and Intergenerational Transfers}  \label{mainresults}
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lccccccc} \toprule
			& Wealth    & Job &   Male  &  Female &  Any  &  Disability & Poor    \\
			Event:			&  loss   & exit  &  widowed & widowed  & hosp & onset & health   \\
			\toprule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel A: Any Parent-to-Child Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table2/at_pk_post.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel B: Any Child-to-Parent Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table2/at_kp_post.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel C: Any Child Helps with ADLs} \\
			\input{../output/table2/any_helpr_post2.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This table presents event study coefficients from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Each regression includes only households that ever experience a particular shock. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights. Standard errors are clustered by household. Significance at 1\% and 5\% levels are indicated by ** and *, respectively.}} \\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[htbp]
	\caption{Event Study---Specific Health Diagnoses}  \label{spechealth}
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lcccc} \toprule
			Event:			&  Cardiac   & Stroke  &  Memory & Cancer     \\
			\toprule
			\multicolumn{5}{c}{Panel A: Any Parent-to-Child Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table3/at_pk_hlth.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{5}{c}{Panel B: Any Child-to-Parent Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table3/at_kp_hlth.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{5}{c}{Panel C: Any Child Helps with ADLs} \\
			\input{../output/table3/any_helpr_hlth2.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{5}{p{9.5cm}}{{Notes: This table presents event study coefficients from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Each regression includes only households that ever experience a particular shock. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights. Standard errors are clustered by household. Significance at 1\% and 5\% levels are indicated by ** and *, respectively.}} \\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[htbp]
	\caption{Parental Households Events and Intergenerational Transfers in Low Wealth Households}  \label{lowwealth}
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lccccccc} \toprule
			& Wealth    & Job &   Male  &  Female &  Any  &  Disability & Poor    \\
			Event:			&  loss   & exit  &  widowed & widowed  & hosp & onset & health   \\
			\toprule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel A: Any Parent-to-Child Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table4/at_pk_post_lw.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel B: Any Child-to-Parent Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table4/at_kp_post_lw.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel C: Any Child Helps with ADLs} \\
			\input{../output/table4/any_helpr_post2_lw.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This table presents event study coefficients from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Households are defined as ``low wealth" if their average pre-event wealth is below the full sample's median lifetime wealth. Each regression includes only households that ever experience a particular shock. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights. Standard errors are clustered by household. Significance at 1\% and 5\% levels are indicated by ** and *, respectively.}} \\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}


\begin{table}[htbp]
	\caption{Parental Households Events and Intergenerational Transfers in High Wealth Households}  \label{highwealth}
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lccccccc} \toprule
			& Wealth    & Job &   Male  &  Female &  Any  &  Disability & Poor    \\
			Event:			&  loss   & exit  &  widowed & widowed  & hosp & onset & health   \\
			\toprule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel A: Any Parent-to-Child Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table5/at_pk_post_hw.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel B: Any Child-to-Parent Transfer} \\
			\input{../output/table5/at_kp_post_hw.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel C: Any Child Helps with ADLs} \\
			\input{../output/table5/any_helpr_post2_hw.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This table presents event study coefficients from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Households are defined as ``high wealth" if their average pre-event wealth is above the full sample's median lifetime wealth. Each regression includes only households that ever experience a particular shock. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights. Standard errors are clustered by household. Significance at 1\% and 5\% levels are indicated by ** and *, respectively.}} \\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}

%MECHANISMS
\begin{table}[htbp]
	\caption{Mechanisms}  \label{Mech}
	\begin{center}
		\begin{tabular}{lccccccc} \toprule
			& Wealth    & Job &   Male  &  Female &  Any  &  Disability & Poor    \\
			Event:			&  loss   & exit  &  widowed & widowed  & hosp & onset & health   \\
			\toprule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel A: Wealth per Capita (\$1000s of 2017 dollars)} \\
			\input{../output/table6/wlthpc_post.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel B: Probability of Leaving a Bequest of  at Least \$100,000} \\
			\input{../output/table6/rbeq100_post.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel C: Income per Capita (\$1000s of 2017 dollars)} \\
			\input{../output/table6/incpc_post.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel D: Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenses (\$1000s of 2017 dollars)} \\
			\input{../output/table6/oop_post.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{c}{Panel E: Any Child Lives within 10 Miles} \\
			\input{../output/table6/any_lv10_post2.tex}
			\bottomrule
			\multicolumn{8}{p{15cm}}{{Notes: This table presents event study coefficients from estimation of Equation \ref{eq1}. Each regression includes only households that ever experience a particular shock. Observations are weighted using HRS sample weights. Standard errors are clustered by household. Significance at 1\% and 5\% levels are indicated by ** and *, respectively.}} \\
		\end{tabular}
	\end{center}
\end{table}



 
\end{document}